Writing: Making Your Mark

Ancient Egyptian stela 1600 BC c British Library Board

One of the first objects you see in this new exhibition at the British Library is a small limestone stele on which, 3,600 years ago, a scribe carved a hymn to the Egyptian god of the underworld, Osiris. It’s the Library’s oldest treasure, written in hieroglyphics, and although the hymn was known, this version is especially precious as it contains passages not recorded elsewhere. Today, just by tapping these words into a computer, I am following in the scribe’s footsteps, continuing a tradition that began some 5,000 years ago, in several different locations around the world. Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and the Americas all independently developed their own writing systems. These revolutionised society and are one of humankind’s greatest achievements. This limestone monument, more than two metres high, is covered in Maya hieroglyphs from Belize, and dates from 647 AD.

Large Maya limestone stela, Belize, 647AD c British Library Board

It's a fascination and thought-provoking exhibition, looking at the origins and evolution of writing - styles, materials, and  technology - as well as people’s relationships to it. More than 40 different systems are on show, ranging very early cuneiform on a clay tablet (listing offerings made to a Mesopotamian temple) to digital typefaces and emojis.

Caxton's printing of The Canterbury Tales c British Library Board

You can see how the alphabet developed, look at Britain’s earliest book, Caxton’s first printing of Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales from 1476 (above), and wonder at a 2.44 metre-long papyrus scroll recording what must have been a very complex sale of property in Italy in 572 AD.

Ravenna papyrus 572 AD, c British Library Board

The many  items on display also include a Thai folding book, Chinese oracle bones, Burmese tattooing instruments and a 1905 petition signed by 60,000 people, protesting about the partition of Bengal.

Ancient Egyptian shabti 664 - 332 BC

Some of the objects were created for religious reasons, or to name or claim things. The inscription on this Ancient Egyptian figurine (above), designed to act on behalf of the deceased in the afterlife, reads: “Here I am, you will say, when called to work, cultivate fields, or irrigate the riverbanks”.

Schoolchild's homework in Greek, 2nd C AD c British Library Board

There are also some intriguing personal objects that resonate over the centuries. A wax tablet (above) shows how, almost 2000 years ago, a schoolchild struggled with his homework. His teacher had scratched two lines of Greek for him to copy. He does this twice, and each time makes mistakes, missing letters and running over the margin. Did he give up after that? Was he punished? We will never know. There’s also a quill pen used by the poet, Alfred Lord Tennyson, which he threw away after the nib got bent (perhaps damaged in the throes of inspiration?).  And a touching final entry to the diary kept by Robert Falcon Scott, written in the Antarctic when he knew his expedition was doomed: “For God’s sake, look after our people.”

Printing presses not dissimilar from those of Caxton were used for hundreds of years; this reproduction of an 18th C one employs much the same technology. Today, we have more choices about how to communicate than ever before – pictures, videos, voice recordings, emails and text, and technology seems to be moving these on at an every-increasing rate. The exhibition ends with an interactive display and a question: How will we send birthday greetings in 50 years’ time? I left pondering that and wondering: would anything written today still be read in 3,600 years’ time?

Writing: Making Your Mark is at the British Library until August 27, 2019. Admission £14, concessions available, children 11 and under free.
https://www.bl.uk/whats-on 

Ten things you may not know about the Magna Carta

John was a tyrant, John was a tartar
John put his name to the great big charter
Every baron from Thames to Tweed
Followed the road to Runnymede.

(Hugh Chesterman, b. 1884) 

  

Runnymede is currently in the news with celebrations being held to remember the signing of the Magna Carta 800 years ago, on June 15. To mark this anniversary, the British Library has mounted a major exhibition, which includes two surviving copies, two of King John’s teeth – and many interesting facts: 

1. Despite common assumption, King John never signed the charter when he sat down with his Barons. Instead, he affixed his seal – the usual practice for kings at that time. 
2. The provisions in the document lasted just 10 weeks before it was annulled by the Pope, who declared it to be 'base and shameful, null and void".
3. It was revised by later monarchs and entered the statute books in 1297.

4. It was used to draft the 1628 Petition of Right, which limited the authority of Charles I, and was cited against him during his trial the following year. Since then, the law has slowly encroached on royal privilege, and today, no one in the UK is above the law, not even the Queen.

5. It influenced the wording of America’s Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights.

6.The slices in the bottom of one of the copies on display at the British Library (below) are not, as urban legend tells, from King John’s knife, stabbed down in anger, but to hold the long-since-lost wax seal.

7.Four manuscripts of the 1215 Magna Carta survive today. One is owned by Lincoln Cathedral, one by Salisbury Cathedral, and two are with the British Library.

8.In 1941 the British Cabinet, seeking ways to persuade the US to enter the war, considered giving Lincoln Cathedral’s one to Washington as a gift.  But the plan foundered when it was realised the ‘bit of parchment, more than 700 years old’ was not theirs to give. 
9 Only three provisions remain in force today: the right of trial by jury, protection for the liberties of the City of London and other cities, boroughs, towns and ports, and the freedom of the Church of England.
10 The British Library occasionally gets letters from drivers asking if the Magna Carta protects their rights to appeal against parking tickets. It doesn't.

The exhibition runs until 1st September, 2015. Entry is £12.

http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta